The results showed that the supply efficiency of ecosystem services (grain production and water purification) decreased and then increased significantly along with the increasing of farmland area ratio in the Dongting Lake Basin (DLB). By calculating the gap between the current supply of ecosystem services and the reasonable improvement goal, the ecosystem services supply efficiency was defined and measured to identify the optimization potentials of ecosystem services with trade-off relationship. Based on the method of production possibility frontier (PPF), this study presented a novel approach to identifying the improvement goals of interacting ecosystem services with considering their context dependency. The zoning framework based on ecological network can help to implement ecological conservation and restoration in light of local conditions.Īlthough it is well acknowledged that the improvement of ecosystem services is conducive to human well-being, there is still a lack of approach to determining reasonable improvement goals, especially for ecosystem services with trade-off relationship. Non-ecological network zone needed to be paid attention to local ecological conservation. Key ecological nodes needed restoration to enhance the overall connectivity. Ecological node restoration zone included 15 watersheds. Corridor construction zone included 143 watersheds, needing to build dense ecological corridors in an orderly manner. Ecological conservation was particularly important in southeast karst regions. Source enhancement zone included 103 watersheds with ecological sources of small area and discrete distribution. Source protection zone included 153 watersheds, with large area and high connectivity of ecological sources, needing to conserve the original natural ecosystem. Yunnan Province was divided into five ecological zones based on ecological network. The results showed that the ecological network in the study area was consisted of ecological sources with the total area of 136496.56 km², 276 ecological corridors with an average length of 41.40 km, and pinchpoints and barriers with an area of 425.54 km² and 1422.83 km² respectively. In this study, we proposed a framework for ecological zoning based on ecological network with a case study in Yunnan Province, China. However, the lack of further spatial analysis and ecological zoning makes it difficult to implement ecological conservation and restoration measures based on ecological network. The important approaches for improving the efficiency and operability of ESDM include improving the ES assessment precision and strengthening spatial-temporal scale coupling analysis.Įcological network is an important landscape approach for biodiversity and ecosystem conservation. The key issues that should be further investigated in ESDM are the mediating factors of ES flow, fairness among stakeholders, and multi-dimensional targets integration in decision-making. This ESDM framework enriches the multi-dimensional tradeoff of stakeholders’ preference facing the ES delivery process, and provides comprehensive and scientific information for social-ecological system decision-making. The ESDM framework includes five components: ES supply assessment, stakeholder identification and ES demand assessment, ES flow path identification, target selection and multi-dimensional tradeoff, and decision-making and adaptive feedback. This framework integrated key ES components (ES supply-demand, flow, disservice, stakeholders, tradeoff, and feedback) with their correlations and decision makers. The results showed that although ESDM has been developing rapidly, the key components of ESDM have not been fully integrated in decision-making practice. Further, the ESDM framework was demonstrated in a structured approach. Thus, this study summarized the connotation of ESDM, and clarified development approach of ESDM. However, in order to improve the ability of ES to guide decision-making in practice, the ES-based decision-making (ESDM) needs to be further explored. Ecosystem services (ES) clarifies nature's contribution to human in an intuitive way, and aims at fully recognizing the importance of nature in the decision-making of social-ecological system management.
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